Nike Business Essay Example for Free

Nike Business Essay 3. Is it ethical for Nike to pay endorsers millions while its factory employees receive a few dollars a day? 4. Is Nike’s responsibility to monitor its subcontracted factories a legal, economic, social, or philanthropic responsibility? What was it 10 years ago? What will it be 10 years from now? 5. What could Nike have done, if anything, to prevent the damage to its corporate reputation? What steps should Nike take in the future? Is it â€Å"good business† for Nike to acknowledge its past errors and become more socially responsible? 6. What are the goals of the Jonah Peretti decided to customize his Nike shoes and visited the Nike iD website. The company allows customers to personalize their Nikes with the colors of their choice and their own personal 16-character message. Peretti chose the word â€Å"sweatshop† for his Nikes. After receiving his order, Nike informed Peretti via e-mail that the term â€Å"sweatshop† represents â€Å"inappropriate slang† and is not considered viable for print on a Nike shoe. Thus, his order was summarily rejected. Peretti e-mailed Nike, arguing that the term â€Å"sweatshop† is present in Webster’s dictionary and could not possibly be considered inappropriate slang. Nike responded by quoting the company’s rules, which state that the company can refuse to print anything on its shoes that it does not deem appropriate. Peretti replied that he was changing his previous order and would instead like to order a pair of shoes with a â€Å"color snapshot of the 10-year-old Vietnamese girl who makes my shoes.† He never received a response. 1 THE PR NIGHTMARE BEGINS Before Nike could blink an eye, the situation turned into a public relations nightmare. Peretti forwarded the e-mail exchange to a few friends, who forwarded it to a few friends, and so forth. Within six weeks of his initial order, the story appeared in the Wall Street Journal, USA Today, and the Village Voice. Peretti himself appeared on the Today Show, and he estimates that 2 million people have seen the e-mail. At the height of the incident, Peretti was receiving 500 e-mails a day from people who had read the e-mail from as far away as Asia, Australia, Europe, and South America.2,3 Nike refused to admit any wrongdoing in the incident and stated that they reserve the right to refuse any order for whatever reason. Beth Gourney, a spokesperson for Nike, had the following to say regarding the incident: Clearly, he [Peretti] was attempting to stir up trouble; he has admitted it. He’s not an activist. Mr. Peretti does not understand our labor policy. If he did, he would know that we do not hire children; our minimum age for hiring is 18 . . . and we don’t apologize for not putting the word â€Å"sweatshop† because our policy clearly states: â€Å"We reserve the right to cancel any order up to 24 hours after it has been submitted.†4 Nike, Inc., is no stranger to sweatshop allegations.

Basketball History and Rules

Basketball History and Rules In 1891 a simple game was invented that changed the world. Basketball is a athletic sport usually played on an indoor court where two teams of five each attempt to score by shooting the basketball into one of two baskets at each end of the court. The team who scores the most baskets wins the game. Because of its continuous action and frequent scoring basketball is one of the most popular spectator sports in the world. Basketball can be played outdoors as well, it was invented to serve as an exciting indoor game for the winter months and to be played with less contact than football. It quickly became a spectator sport. Now basketball attracts larger audiences than ever especially in the United States, South America, and Europe. Basketball has a long, rich history dating back to the late 19th century when the hoop was first invented. Basketball was invented in December 1891 by James Naismith.ÂÂ   He introduced the game when he was a teacher at the Young Mens Christian Association Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts.ÂÂ   He came up with the game when his superior told him to think of a fun game for indoor winter play. The game involved parts of American football, soccer, and hockey, and the first ball used was a soccer ball. Teams had nine players and the goals were wooden peach baskets fixed to the walls. After the peach basket it was replaced by a metal rim and a net but the net was closed at the bottom.ÂÂ   Teams of five became standard by 1897-1898. The game rapidly spread around the United States and Canada it wasnt until the early 1940s when it reached other parts of the world. U.S. servicemen in World War II popularized the sport in many other countries. A number of U.S. colleges adopted the game between 1893 and 1895. In 1934 the first college games were staged in New York Citys Madison Square Garden and college basketball began to attract more and more interest. By the 1950s basketball had become a major college sport paving the way for a growth of interest in professional basketball where the BAA basketball association of america was organised in June 1946. The first pro league the National Basketball League was formed in 1898. This league only lasted five years before being shut down its demise spawned a number of lesser organized leagues throughout the United States. Another league that tried to spring up was the ABL american basketball league started by Josepn Carr in 1925. This league ultimately failed leading to the merge of the BAA and NBL creating todays NBA. In 1949 two different leagues the National Basketball League and the Basketball Association of America merged to create the National Basketball Association. One of the first and greatest pro teams was the Original Celtics organized about 1915 in New York City. They played as many as 150 games a season and dominated basketball until 1936 when more teams entered the league. The Boston Celtics, led by their center Bill Russell dominated the NBA from the late 1950s through the 1960s. Wilt Chamberlain a center for the Los Angeles Lakers was another leading player during the era his battles with Russell were eagerly anticipated by NBA fans around the world. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar also a center came into the spotlight during the 1970s. Jabbar perfected his famous sky hook shot while playing for the Los Angeles Lakers and dominated the opposition.The Harlem Globetrotters were founded in 1927 as a exhibition team this is a rare non competitive team that specializes in amusin fans and ball handling. The NBA suffered a drop in popularity during the late 1970s but was resurrected through the growing popularity of its most prominent stars. Larry Bird of the Boston Celtics and Magic Johnson of the Los Angeles Lakers are credited with creating excitement and bringing people into the league in the 1980s through their superior skill and decade long rivalry. During the 1980s Michael Jordan of the Chicago Bulls rose to stardom and the Bulls dominated the NBA during the 1990s. A new generation of basketball stars started to rise including Shaquille ONeal of the Orlando Magic and Larry Johnson of the Charlotte Hornets helped the NBAs growth in popularity. The european basketball league started in 1893 when the first game was played at a YMCA in Paris. European players have changed how the way basketball is played. Toni Kukoc the first established Euro player and one of the best euro players of all time. They have been known to be some of the best shooters in basketball. They are also known as pesky defenders who use their very effective soccer heritage to their advantage. Basketball has become so big in Europe that they have started up their own league called the euro league. Its possible that the game has become so popular for the fact that it can be played by yourself. A lot of kids in Europe and even adults find themselves alone and they are able to hone their skills by themselves. Basketball is the second most popular team sport in the world but the Europeans have taken to it. They have some of the best teams and players in the world The equipment used in basketball has pretty much been the same forever. The ball is round with a leather casing. The ball is about 75cm around and weighs around 20oz. The home team is responsible for these things the clock, time-out watch, device for displaying to players and spectators how much time is left on the 30-seconds rule known as the shot clock, an official score sheet, scoreboard visible to spectators and players, markers displaying the numbers 1 to 5 for use by the scorer to indicate how many fouls a player commits, and two team-foul markers which are red and placed on the scorers table to indicate a seventh-player foul by a team. The clothing has changed over time but has also stayed the same at the same time. Players of each team should wear the same outfits which must not blend with the opposing team. Each player needs wear a numbered shirt and no players on the same team should wear the same number. Players numbers vary but are never above 50. Loose-fitting shorts for mobility, and sleeveless jerseys are the standard clothing. Basketball shoes should be rubber-soled and with protected ankle supports although these are not necessary. Back when the NBA first started the jerseys were sleeveless and the shorts were short, very short. As time passed the team names changed along with the jerseys. The shorts became longer and are now about knee length and most of the jerseys are the same except some now have sleeves. Sleeved jerseys are not the most popular in the NBA with stars like Lebron James who ripped his sleeves off mid game because they were in the way. With things how they are now i think this is how things will stay for good. The rules of the game are simple but there are some things that can complicated. Professional, college, and high school games are similar except in length. Professional games are 48 minutes long, divided into quarters, college games are 40 minutes, played in halves and high school games are 32 minutes, broken into quarte rs. If the game is tied at the end or regulation the game goes into overtime which usually lasts 3 to 5 minutes. The ball is moved down the court toward the basket by passing or dribbling. The team with the ball is called the offense. The team without the ball is called the defense. They try to steal the ball, contest shots, steal and deflect passes, and get rebounds. When a team makes a basket they score two points if it is behind the three point line it is worth three points and the ball goes to the other team. A free throw is worth one point free throws are awarded to a team after a certain number of fouls have been committed in a half and/or the type of foul committed. Fouling a shooter always results in two free throws being awarded the shooter but depends upon where he was when he shot. If he was beyond the three-point line then the shooter gets three shots. Other types of fouls do not result in free throws being awarded until a certain number have accumulated during a half. O nce that number is reached, then the player who was fouled is awarded a 1-and-1 opportunity. If he makes his first free throw, he gets to attempt a second. If he misses the first shot, the ball is live on the rebound. Fouls are a big and important part of the game personal fouls include things like Hitting,Pushing,Slapping,Holding, or Illegal pick/screen(unknown) this isÂÂ   when an offensive player is moving. When an offensive player sticks out a limb and makes physical contact with a defender in an attempt to block the path of the defender. If a person is fouled when shooting the ball they will be given two free throws. If they are fouled shooting a three point shot they will be given three free throws. If the team has committed more than seven foules you will be awarded a one and one at the free throw line. A one and one is where if you make the first free throw then you shoot a second free throw but if you miss the first you do not get to shoot the second one. There are als o foules like charging and blocking as will as the worst ones, technical and flagrant fouls. Violations on offence are things like travelling, carrying, double dribble, and backcourt violation. On offence there are five people on the court at a time for one team the positions are guard, forward, and center. The guards hare usually little and handle the ball. The forwards stay on the wing and shoot the are usually a little bigger and physical. Then the centers are the big boys who stay down low and get rebounds and blocks, they are some of the tallest and most talented players in the world. From 1891 to now the game has changed quite a bit but it will continue to be one of the most popular sports in the world. Works Cited The rules of basketball.Breakthroughbasketball.com.Web.2017.10 Feb.2017. Chambers, Callum.European Basketball:A Developing History.BleacherReport.com.18 June 2009.Web.10 Feb.2017. History of basketball.www.customessaymeister.com.web.2017.10 Feb.2017. Eitel, Joseph.The Basketball Hoop:A history.livestrong.com.Web.10 Feb.2017. History of Basketball Leagues.allaboutbasketball.us.2011.Web.10 Feb.2017. Hiskey, Daven.The Origin Of Basketball.todayifoundout.com.20 Jan 2012.Web.10 Feb.2017. NBA History.NBAhoopsonline.com.2017.Web.10 Feb.2017. In 1891 a simple game was created that changed the world. What basketball is. How it is played Popularity Why its played III. The history of basketball When it was invented Who invented it Why it was invented First pro team History of the BAA History of the NBA IV. Rules How long games are How big the courts are How is it played V. Equipment and Clothing The ball Shoes Uniforms Compression sleeves

The Online Shopping In Malaysia Marketing Essay

The Online Shopping In Malaysia Marketing Essay Whether we like it or not, the Internet and World Wide Web are increasingly becoming important in Malaysian life. Online shopping may be a novel trend in Malaysia but it is fast catching up among Internet users due to rising Internet penetration. Besides, online shopping avoids with the crowd and its easier to compare prices of comparable products online, which translates into better savings (Leong and Lee 2009). As for the Internet penetration in Malaysia, 356.8 % growth is seen for the period of 2000-2009. Thereby, for instance, in 2000 it was accounted 3,700,000 subscribes, or just 15% of the population. In 2005 the amount of subscribers doubled and reached 26,500,699, 37.9 %. Currently, over 60% of Malaysians can use Internet connection actively, with almost 17 million subscribers accounted. (eCommerce Journal 2009). According to the Nielsen Company 2007 research, online travel is a favourite e-commerce activity for Malaysians, with 55% of Internet users buying airline tickets or made flight reservations online, while 41% said they had made hotel or tour reservations online and 22% computer hardware. 21% purchased book and 18% tickets to concerts and events. (eCommerce Journal 2009). A significant part of purchasing has moved to the Internet. But Malaysia is still in the infancy stage when it comes to online retail, which makes e-commerce still relatively weak in Malaysia. According to comScore (2009), the online retail (or dubbed as total online spending in the retail industry) in Malaysia is lowest compared to many other countries. The list (in Asia) goes: 1) Japan, 2) South Korea, 3) Australia, 4) Taiwan, 5) Singapore, 6) New Zealand, 7) Hong Kong, 8) China, 9) Vietnam, 10) Philippines, 11) India, 12) Indonesia, and 13) MALAYSIA. Next, the growth of Internet usage in Malaysia has been steadily growing but a far smaller percentage has actually made purchases online. According to comScore (2009), Entertainment is most popular category in Asia Pacific (includes Music, Movie, TV, Multimedia, Entertainment News, and Humor) and Email is still very important to Internet user. Therefore, visiting to retail sites is weak in Malaysia. Besides, Malaysian online retailers face the challenges with Internet users who still like to see and hold products before buying, and who have the same concerns about security issues as well as after-sales service. Is it the impact of factors attributed to large Internet users but not many shop online. Therefore this research study will contribute meaningfully to this area of research. (b) Rational of Study The Internet is no longer a niche technology. It is mass media and an utterly integral part of modern life. A major appeal for setting up online businesses is that its convenient, easy to do and cheaper (no rental fee, to state the obvious). (Leong and Lee 2009). The economic downturn has turned up the pressure on Malaysian companies, it is imperative to find new customers for their products and services for declining sales and financial constraints. Extending their marketing and advertising reach by venturing into e-commerce is a logical move. (Laalitha 2009). E-commerce in retailing has enormous potential. An organization can reach such a large number of consumers via e-commerce; it is possible to develop the business that could be profitable. The continued success for online retailers will depend for the willingness of consumer to make purchase online in the view of online shopping is still relatively weak among Malaysian. Therefore this study is clear identifying consumer attitudes toward online shopping in order to help sales and marketing department to identify the potentiality of online shopping and evaluate the future growth of e-commerce that useful for the local companies in Malaysia to have a good understanding of the dynamic online markets before to venture into online retailing. Although research predict growing internet users in Malaysia and online shopping has many distinct opportunities and advantages, but the question lingers: Why do internet users avoid online shopping? Therefore this research study will contribute meaningfully to this area of research. (c) Objective of the Study Objectives The objective of this study is to examine the online shopping in Malaysia. For this purpose, three specific scopes will be examined, that is: To identify the characteristics of online shopping in Malaysia To identify Malaysian Internet users attitudes towards online shopping To identify why Internet users do not shop online. Hypotheses: Hypotheses developed for this study are: H1: There is no relationship between internet usage and buying via internet. H2: There is no relationship between online shopping and demographic variables. H3: There is no relationship between online shopping and the traditional shopping. H4: There is no significant correlation between future online purchase variables and current issues and areas of concern variables. Research Questions: This research has aimed to explore the following questions: Why do internet users avoid online shopping? (d) Research Methodology A self-administered questionnaire will be used to collect the necessary research questions and objectives pertaining to online shopping in Malaysia. The questions are mostly present in close-ended style with well-structured questions. The survey questionnaire consists of seven distinct sections, each of which contains questions pertaining to different parts of the study. Due to time and cost constraints and also large population of Internet users in Malaysia, therefore it is more appropriate to conduct the research by using a convenience sampling method will be used to collect data mainly from the current Internet users at Klang Valley which is indicated highest penetration of Internet users. Indeed, sampling method has limitations in terms of generalisation if compared to other method of sampling, but it is assumed that the sample represent the whole population of Internet users in Malaysia. The survey will be conducted through the combination method: face to face interviews, email and postage questionnaires. Each of the method has its uses and none is superior in all situations due to email and postage questionnaires save both time and cost and can cover a wide geographical area which supplemented by personal interviews will yield more reliable results than either method alone. Once the primary data collected, several of statistical techniques will be used in the data analysis. Frequency Distribution Analysis will be used to determine a demographic profile of the survey respondents and the current internet users of online shopping. Besides, the frequency distribution analysis will also be used to determine method of payment, level of satisfaction and dissatisfaction, issue and area of concerns, reasons for shop and do not shop online. (Adeline et al. 2006). Chi-square Test in Cross-tab will be used to determine the relationship between online shopping and other conventional methods of shopping such as shopping via physical stores. The Independent Samples t-test will be adopted to compare mean differences between online shoppers and non-online shoppers. Finally Pearson Correlation Coefficient Matrix will be employed to determine the degree of correlation between future online purchases and issue of concern for current Internet users. (Adeline et al. 2006). (e) Expected Contribution from the study This study is clear realizing consumer attitudes toward online shopping in order to help management, the industry and government to predict the online shopping trend and evaluate the future growth of online commerce. Besides, online retail has enormous potential. Thus, this study is important for the small and medium enterprise (SEMs) in Malaysia to have a good understanding of the Internet as a new business strategy for driving business growth as well as to understanding what Malaysian Internet users really desire and why they are not shopping online. (Laalitha 2009). (f) Sample Questionnaire The questionnaire is adapted from Adeline (2006) with some modification to suit the context of this study. The questionnaire consists of eight sections as shown in Appendix. Section 1 is to request the respondents to complete information related to demographic profile. Section 2 is to request the respondents to provide the information related to internet usage whereas Section 3 is about the information of Internet users experience on online shopping. Section 4 is to request the respondent to provide information about the factor influencing their shopping decision. Factors include: product price and quality, more options and wider selections, ease of research, customer review availability, after-sales service, entertaining/fun, convenient, good customer service, promotion, fast delivery time, website providing sufficient product information and explanation, an item no available elsewhere. Section 5 is to request the respondent to provide information about the current purchase pattern in terms of types of goods and services, spending amount, purchasing frequency, payment method and spending time. Section 6 is to request the respondent to rate the satisfaction level and areas of dissatisfaction for their shopping experience with 1 is the lowest and 5 is the highest. Section 7 also request the respondent to rate to the future online purchase pattern (purchasing in the same retailers, types of good and services, spending amount, purchasing frequency and is important for the retailers nowadays have an online shopping facility) with 1 is the lowest and 5 is the highest. Last section is to request the respondent to provide information about the issues and areas of concerns toward online shopping, which include disclosure of personal information, security of credit card transaction, do not physically seen and touch a product, trust on online retailers and adequacy of consumer protection laws and regulations. References Adeline Chua Phaik Harn, Ali.Khatibi and Hishamuddin bin Ismail. 2006. E-Commerce: A Study on Online Shopping in Malaysia. J. Soc. Sci., 13(3): 231-242 (2006). http://www.krepublishers.com. (accessed January 31, 2011) comScore. 2009. State of the Internet with a focus on Asia Pacific. http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Presentations_Whitepapers/2009/State_of_the_Internet_with_a_focus_on_Asia_Pacific. (accessed January 17, 2011) eCommerce Journal. 2009. Internet and e-commerce industry in Malaysia. http://www.ecommerce-journal.com/articles/18271_Internet_and_e_commerce_industry_in_malaysia. (accessed January 18, 2011) IDC. 2007. IDC Reports 70% Growth in Malaysia eCommerce Spending in 2006. http://www.idc.com.my/PressFiles/IDC%20Malaysia%20-%20eCommerce.asp. (accessed January 10, 2011) Internet World Stats. 2009. Malaysia Internet Usage Stats and Marketing Report. http://www.Internetworldstats.com/asia/my.htm. (accessed January 10, 2011) Laalitha Hunt. 2009. SMEs Eager to Tap E-commerce. The Star online. December 12. http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/12/12/business/5281516sec=business. (accessed January 10, 2011) Leong H. Y. and Lee L. S. 2009. Buying via Internet. The Star online. April 11. http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/4/11/business/3620542. (accessed January 10, 2011) Malaysia Crunch. 2009. Malaysias E-Commerce Statistics. http://malaysiacrunch.blogspot.com/2009/09/malaysias-e-commerce-statistics.html. (accessed January 15, 2011) Nielsen. 2008. Over 875 Million Consumers Have Shopped Online The Number of Internet Shoppers Up 40% in Two Years. http://my.nielsen.com/site/20080414.shtml. (accessed January 25, 2011)

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

The Value of Jay Gatsby Jay Gatsby, who is one of the main characters of the Great Gatsby, is a man with a mysterious background and an unknown personality. He doesn't mention too much about his past except certain fabricated highlights of his life which were designed to impress others. The strange and humorous thing is that he carries articles of evidence that back up most of his lies to prove that he isn't lying. Gatsby is also the kind of man that is used to getting what he wants no matter what the consequences are, causing him to be a very determined man that once has an idea in his mind won't let it go until he accomplishes it. The things that Jay Gatsby values the most is money, to impress others and gain acceptance and most of all, having things his own way. In a manner, these are some of the characteristics of the American Dream and what people strive for when they come to America. Gatsby is a man that is out to impress others and he tries dearly to gain acceptance from others but he is not always successful at this. This is clearly shown when he hosts these immense parties that he creates to impress others but to mostly lure in Daisy so that he can meet her again and finally show off his social status to her. But before this could happen, Nick, Gatsby's new neighbor and cousin of Daisy, meets Nick. As they began to talk, Gatsby starts to discuss portions of his past to Nick and he seems the need to shows proof to back up his claims. For example when Nick was with Gatsby in his car heading toward New York, Gatsby boasts how he had gone to Oxford University and how he had been promoted to major and was given a momento from Montenegro. What was odd was that he had evidence to back up both of these claims. From his pocket he pulled out 'a souvenir of Oxford days. It was taken in Trinity Quad…'; 'It was a photograph of a half a dozen men in blazers loafing in an archway through which were visible a host of spires.'; (71) And then again he reached into his pocket and pulled out his war momento,'To my astonishment the thing had an authentic look.'; (71) showing that he was obviously trying to impress t Nick and prove himself correct so that he could fit in and look like a man with a normal past. F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers The Value of Jay Gatsby Jay Gatsby, who is one of the main characters of the Great Gatsby, is a man with a mysterious background and an unknown personality. He doesn't mention too much about his past except certain fabricated highlights of his life which were designed to impress others. The strange and humorous thing is that he carries articles of evidence that back up most of his lies to prove that he isn't lying. Gatsby is also the kind of man that is used to getting what he wants no matter what the consequences are, causing him to be a very determined man that once has an idea in his mind won't let it go until he accomplishes it. The things that Jay Gatsby values the most is money, to impress others and gain acceptance and most of all, having things his own way. In a manner, these are some of the characteristics of the American Dream and what people strive for when they come to America. Gatsby is a man that is out to impress others and he tries dearly to gain acceptance from others but he is not always successful at this. This is clearly shown when he hosts these immense parties that he creates to impress others but to mostly lure in Daisy so that he can meet her again and finally show off his social status to her. But before this could happen, Nick, Gatsby's new neighbor and cousin of Daisy, meets Nick. As they began to talk, Gatsby starts to discuss portions of his past to Nick and he seems the need to shows proof to back up his claims. For example when Nick was with Gatsby in his car heading toward New York, Gatsby boasts how he had gone to Oxford University and how he had been promoted to major and was given a momento from Montenegro. What was odd was that he had evidence to back up both of these claims. From his pocket he pulled out 'a souvenir of Oxford days. It was taken in Trinity Quad…'; 'It was a photograph of a half a dozen men in blazers loafing in an archway through which were visible a host of spires.'; (71) And then again he reached into his pocket and pulled out his war momento,'To my astonishment the thing had an authentic look.'; (71) showing that he was obviously trying to impress t Nick and prove himself correct so that he could fit in and look like a man with a normal past.

A Brief Analysis of The Steel Industry Essays -- Industry

Steel Industry In the early part of this century was a time when industry was booming with growth around the installation of major railroads. With this growth came the transatlantic cable, the telegraph, and a whole lot of steel. Steel would be needed in the construction of these new transportation systems and communications were now possible between businesses and industries. (Wren, 2005) This paper will first discuss the development of the steel industry. Next, it will examine steel, and in the impact it had on the transportation industry. Finally, it will discuss systematic management practices of this time and how they gave birth to the scientific approach that is still in use today. Steel The steel industry was needed for almost everything. Alfred D Chandler Jr. could see the potential market value early on. According to Wren: Chandler traced the history of various firms and delineated four phases in the history of the large U.S. enterprise: 1. The initial expansion and accumulation of resources 2. The rationalization of the use of resources 3. The expansion into new markets and lines to help assure the full use of resources; 4. The development of a new structure that rationalized the renewal of growth. For many companies, the phases started and ended at different times, depending on the state of technology and the firm’s ability to react and capitalize on market opportunities. Chandler further noted two facets of industrial growth: 1. Horizontal growth from 1879 to 1893- which occurred when producers of similar fields combined through mergers, pools, or trusts to gain economies of scale, and 2. Vertical growth from 1898 to 1904- which occurred when firms moved backward or forward in ter... ...vents/pande01.html English Online. (Ed.). (n.d.). The Industrial Revolution. Retrieved April 23, 2012, from English-online.com Web site: http://www.english-online.at/history/industrial-revolution/industrial-revolution-manufacturing.htm History.com. (Ed.). (n.d.). Andrew Carnegie. Retrieved April 23, 2012, from History.com Web site: http://www.history.com/topics/andrew-carnegie Kernsanalysis.com. (Ed.). (n.d.). An Overview of Management. Retrieved April 24, 2012, from Fredrick Taylor Scientific Management Web site: http://www.kernsanalysis.com/sjsu/ise250/history.htm Vectorstudy.com. (Ed.). (2008). Henri Fayol Management Gurus. Retrieved April 25, 2012, from Vector Study.com Web site: http://www.vectorstudy.com/management_gurus/henri_fayol.htm Wren. (2005). The History of Management Thought (5th ed.). Danvers, MA: Wiley & Sons. (Original work published 1976)

The Different Factors Affecting Students Academic Performance Education Essay

In this chapter, the research worker reviews several facets of the literature environing factors impacting pupils ‘ academic public presentation. First, the relationship that exists between factors and pupils ‘ academic public presentation, which is the footing of this survey, is examined. This is followed by a reappraisal of past surveies pertinent to the research and a elaborate account of the conceptual models that underlie the survey. It is hoped that on completion of the undertaking, some penetrations may be gained into the job from a planetary position.IntroductionMost pupils acquiring into MBBS plan have a good academic path record upon entry into the medical school. In Malayan medical school it is observed that each twelvemonth about 10-15 % of pupils have trouble in finishing their medical class on clip and this is a concerned to medical pedagogues and decision makers. It is of import to cognize the grounds why there is a pronounced alteration in their academic o nce they come to professional classs particularly medicine. Clearly, there are legion cognitive and non-cognitive factors that have a much stronger influence on medical pupils ‘ academic public presentation. Identifying the factors associated with pupils ‘ academic public presentation or academic accomplishment in the medical class will enable the medical pedagogues, course of study contriver and policy marker to put up support systems to assist them execute better. Many surveies are carried out to research factors impacting pupils ‘ academic public presentation or accomplishment. All of the research reviews back up the hypothesis that pupils ‘ public presentation in the medical programme depend on different socio-economic and psychological factors ( Syed Tahir Hijazi & A ; Raza Naqri, 2006 ) . Medical pupils are chief assets of the medical schools or colleges. In position of that, the pupils ‘ academic public presentation and accomplishment dramas an of import function in bring forthing the best quality alumnuss who will go great leader and work force for the state therefore responsible for the states economic and societal development. The public presentation of pupils in universities should be a concern non merely to the decision makers and pedagogues, but besides to corporations in the labor market.Literature Review on Factors Affecting Students ‘ PerformanceUp to day of the month many surveies have been developed refe ring the factors influence pupils ‘ public presentation such as demographic, active acquisition, pupil attending, extracurricular activities, and equals influence and class appraisal. A reappraisal of the literature have indicated that pupil attitudes toward survey, survey wonts and strategic acquisition, pupil psychological features, larning manner, household background, instructors function and many others are closely related to pupils ‘ academic public presentation ( Eccles & A ; Wigfield, 1985 ; Eccles & A ; Harold, 1993 ; Hanson, 1994, Ali et al.,2009 ) . Gough and Hall ( 1964 ) mentioned that anticipation of pupil public presentation in the medical school can be made by mean of the California Psychological Inventory ( CPI ) and this is supported by Tutton survey in 1993. Other instruments such as Eysenek Personality Inventory or the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory greatly enhanced the anticipation of pupils ‘ public presentation in the medical sch ool ( Roesslet, et al. , 1978 ; Lipton et al. , 1984 ; Weiss, 1988 ) . In this survey the literature hunt for factors impacting pupils ‘ academic public presentation will be concentrated on pupil ‘s features, parent ‘s features, teacher ‘s features and college factors.Student ‘s characteristic and academic public presentationWhat are the cardinal factors that promote academic success among pupils whose single features place them at high hazard of failure in the medical programme? Much research in recent old ages has focused on placing the cardinal factors in the pupil features that promotes academic success. Qualities such as psychological demands and societal accomplishments, viz. self-efficacy, motive, attitudes and behavior, academic competence, communicating accomplishments, coaction, cooperation, and squad capablenesss are of import for the pupil in the medical programme. Students who possess these accomplishments are able to work efficaciously with others and managed their surveies expeditiously ( Lust & A ; Moore, 20 06 ) . The medical colleges could aim these factors in developing schemes in bettering pupil acquisition and better their academic public presentation. Harmonizing to Womble ( 2003 ) academic competency, self-efficacy, motive, pupils ‘ attitudes and behavior, clip direction and battle in category activities are some of the factors that affect an persons ‘ academic public presentation.2.2.1.1 Academic CompetenceKleijn et Al ( 1994 ) pointed out that academic competency is associated with pupils ‘ ability to pull off their survey burden, i.e. pupil with better academic competency would likely hold better academic public presentation. Review into the literatures has indicated that the accomplishments, attitudes, and behaviours lending to academic competency autumn into one of two spheres: ( I ) Academic Skills or ( two ) Academic Enablers ( DiPerna and Elliott, 1999 ) .Academic Skills SubscalesReading/Language Humanistic disciplines Mathematicss Critical ThinkingAcademic Enablers SubscalesMotivation Battle Study Skills Interpersonal SkillsFigure 2.1: Academic Competence Model ( DiPerna & A ; Elliot, 1999 )DiPernia and Elliot theoretical account ( 1999 ) stated the followers: Motivation reflects a pupil ‘s attack, continuity, and degree of involvement sing academic topics. Battle reflects attending and active engagement in schoolroom activities. Study accomplishments are behaviours that facilitate the processing of new stuff and pickings trials Interpersonal accomplishments include concerted acquisition behaviors necessary to interact with others In the survey by Demaray and Elliot ( 1998 ) it can be conclude that instructors are able in foretelling their pupils ‘ accomplishment on standardised trials such as academic competency rating graduated table and separating between pupils with low or high academic public presentation. In decision, holding a good academic competency will therefore heighten the pupils ‘ ability to pull off their survey burden and to be successful in their survey. In this survey, academic competency is defined as a multidimensional concept composed of the accomplishments, attitudes, and behaviors of the pupil that contribute to academic success in the category.Student ‘s attitudes toward surveyMost cognitive theoreticians and research workers have acknowledged that hapless academic self-concept, low self-pride, negative attitudes toward survey, or erroneous perceptual experiences of pupils may be associated with hapless academic public presentation ( van der Veer & A ; Valsiner, 1991 ) . In another survey by Syed Tahir Hijaz and Raza Naqri ( 2006 ) , they found that attitude towards survey has a important influence on scrutiny public presentation and therefore confirmed the earlier findings by new wave der Veer and Valsinere ( 1991 ) . Battle in larning – There is significant grounds that battle in medical school or college is of import in advancing pupil success and acquisition and that a figure of factors in the college environment foster high degrees of battle. Student battle can be defined as the degree of engagement and intrinsic involvement that a pupil shows in college ( Newmann, 1992 ) . Battle in college involves both behaviors ( such as continuity, attempt, attending ) and attitudes ( such as motive, positive acquisition values, involvement, and pride in success ) ( Connell & A ; Wellborn, 1991 ) . Connell and Wellborn indicates that engaged pupils seek out activities, indoors and outside the schoolroom, that lead to success and this has been supported by Dowson and McInerney ( 2001 ) . It has been showed that the occupied pupils learn more, retain more, and bask larning activities more than pupils who are non engaged and they are the most successful ( Kirsch et al, 2002 ) . Many school-level surve ies have identified higher degrees of pupil battle as of import forecasters of tonss on the pupils ‘ academic public presentation. Therefore, it can be concluded that the more the pupil engaged in larning the more successful they will be in their academic. Class attending and academic public presentation – Class attending is believed to hold positive relationship with pupils ‘ academic public presentation. It was expected that high absentees from the category would hold a negative consequence on the pupil ‘s academic classs and would diminish their scrutiny tonss and classs. Many research workers recognized that category attending is an of import facet in bettering pupil ‘s public presentation. A survey conducted by Collett et al. , 2007 ; Stanca, 2006 ; Chow, 2003 ; Rodgers, 2001 ; Durden and Ellis, 1995 ; Romer 1993, found that attending have little, but statistically important, consequence on pupil public presentation. Marburger ( 2001 ) concluded that pupils who missed category were significantly more likely to react falsely to inquiries associating to material covered that twenty-four hours than were pupils who were present. Moore ( 2006 ) indicated that category attending enhances larning ; on norm, pupil s who came to the most categories made the highest classs, despite the fact that they received no points for coming to category. Arulampalam et Al. ( 2007 ) found that there is a causal consequence of absence on public presentation for pupils: losing category leads to poorer public presentation. On the other manus, Martins and Walker ( 2006 ) mentioned that there are no important effects from category attending. This is besides supported by Park and Kerr ( 1990 ) and Schmidt ( 1993 ) who found an opposite relationship between pupils ‘ attending and their class classs. Jennjou Chen ( 2006 ) , in his survey â€Å" Class attending and exam public presentation: A randomised experiment † , found that category attending has produced a positive and important impact on pupils ‘ test public presentation. His consequence revealed that, on norm, go toing talk corresponds to a 7.66 % betterment in exam public presentation. Most universities has taken into serious consideratio n respect per centum of category attending and hence imposed a policy of excluding the pupil from scrutiny when the per centum of the attending is less than 80 % .Self-efficacy and motiveSelf-efficacy is how people feel about themselves and how much they like themselves, particularly socially and academically when it comes to college pupils. Through the many force per unit areas and dashing duties of being a pupil, one learns and understands the importance of holding a high self-efficacy in college. Having one ‘s academic accomplishment meet one ‘s academic outlooks and desires is a major key to most college pupils ‘ self-efficacy. Having a high self-efficacy has many positive effects and benefits, particularly among college pupils. Students who feel positive about themselves succumb less easy to force per unit areas of conformance by equals, are more relentless at hard undertakings, are happier and more sociable, and most pertinent to this survey is that they tend to execute better academically. On the other manus, college pupils with a low self-efficacy tend to be unhappy, less sociable and are more vulnerable to depression, which are all correlated with lower academic accomplishment ( Wiggins, 1994 ) . Academic accomplishment is influenced by sensed competency, venue of control, liberty, and motive ( Wiest, 1998 ) . Past research has shown that self-efficacy and academic accomplishment correlative straight to a moderate grade ( Wiggins, 1994 ) . Self-efficacy surveies are really popular for educational research and it has been shown that it played a really of import function in academic accomplishment ( Oxford et al. , 1993 ) . During the past decennary, self-efficacy beliefs have received increasing attending in educational research, chiefly in the country of academic motive ( Pintrich & A ; Schunk, 1995 ) . In the instance of instruction, self-efficacy is seen to hold a relationship with attempt, continuity and accomplishment. Chemers, Hu & A ; Garcia ( 2001 ) , in their work on mathematical job resolution, have shown that kids with higher self-efficacy strived for longer periods and used more effectual job work outing schemes than pupils with lower self-efficacy. Surveies have investigated the relationships among efficaciousness beliefs, related psychological concepts, and academic motive and accomplishment. Findingss besides support Bandura ‘s ( 1986 ) contention that efficaciousness beliefs mediate the consequence of accomplishments or other self-beliefs on subsequent public presentation by act uponing attempt, continuity, and doggedness ( Bandura & A ; Schunk, 1981 ; Lent, Brown, & A ; Larkin, 1984 ; Schunk & A ; Hanson, 1985 ; Bouffard Bouchard, 1990 ) . Berry ( 1987 ) stressed that self-efficacy enhances pupils ‘ memory public presentation by heightening continuity. In the surveies by Lent et Al ( 1984 and 1986 ) demonstrated that college pupils with high self-efficacy achieved high academic accomplishment. Research workers have established that self-efficacy is a strong forecaster of academic public presentation accomplishment ( Pintrich & A ; De Groot, 1990 ; Multon et al. , 1991 ; Zimmerman et al. , 1992 ; Pajares & A ; Mi ller, 1994 ) . Researches besides show that self-efficacy beliefs have positive effects on pupil motive and academic public presentation.Strategic Studying TechniquesStrategic analyzing techniques may assist pupils accomplish a higher mark in the scrutiny. Strategic analyzing is defined as the cognition and application of effectual survey accomplishments or techniques by the pupils ( Kleijn et al, 1994 ) . There are many efficient survey techniques that could be used by pupils based on the acquisition environment ( Alvermann, 1991 and Ogle, 1986 ) . These survey schemes include Know-Want-Learn ( K-W-L ) , Survey-Question-Read-Recite-Review ( SQ3R ) , sum uping and note-taking, utilizing artworks, and self-questioning. Extensive class tonss and the comprehensive information covered in today ‘s medical course of study necessitate the usage of effectual survey schemes for academic success ( Lay, 1993 ) . Active acquisition has received notably attending over the past several old ages. In the context of the college schoolroom, active larning involves pupils in making things and believing about the things they are making ( Bonwell & A ; Eison, 1991 ) . In the medical programme active acquisition involves the pupils to work out jobs, answer inquiries, formulate inquiries of their ain, discuss, explain, argument, or insight during category. Bonwell and Eison ( 1991 ) concluded that active larning leads to better pupil attitudes and betterments in pupils ‘ thought and authorship. A survey by Wilke ( 2003 ) besides indicated pupils in both the intervention and control groups demonstrated a positive attitude toward active acquisition, believed it helped ( or would assist ) pupils to larn the stuff. Felder et Al. ( 2000 ) recommended that active acquisition is one of the acquisition scheme methods that work. In add-on, Felder and Brent ( 2003 ) mentioned that every bit small as five pr oceedingss of active acquisition in a 50-minute category session can bring forth a major encouragement in larning. Harmonizing to them, active acquisition aftermaths pupils up. However, DeLong ‘s ( 2008 ) survey did non back up the hypothesis that active acquisition based learning methods will impact positive alteration on pupil public presentation as measured by class concluding class and non-intellectual acquisition factors as measured by the TRAC-R ( Test of Reactions and Adaptations to College-Revised ) , an overall step of college accommodation. He found that factors such as professor-student resonance and professor apprehension of non-intellectual factors may hold influenced the current consequences. Another factor associated with strategic analyzing technique is clip direction accomplishment. Time direction accomplishments are besides of import to academic success. Time direction accomplishments include activities performed by pupils such as planning in progress, prioritising work, trial readying, and following agendas ( Kirscenabaum & A ; Perri, 1982 ) . Balancing clip direction and survey techniques may accomplish higher academic public presentation efficaciously ( Entwistle & A ; Ramsden, 1983 ; Powell, 2004 ) . Syed Tahir Hijazi and Raza Naqri ( 2006 ) in their survey found that attitude towards clip allotment for survey has a important influence on scrutiny public presentation, i.e. the longer continuance of clip allotment in surveies improved the public presentation mark. Learning manner – One of the statements often put frontward to explicate why some pupils do non make every bit good in their academic is because they do non cognize how to analyze. Ramsden and Entwistle ( 1981 ) have shown that following right acquisition manners do influence good accomplishment in scrutiny. Learning manner predict public presentation in medical school ( McManus et al, 1998 ) . Heidi and Stephen ( 2006 ) mentioned that medical pupils do hold different methods of larning manners and following this learning manner as one of the methods of strategic analyzing will act upon their academic public presentation. Therefore, Blackmore ( 1996 ) suggested that it is of import for pedagogues to develop appropriate acquisition attacks for the pupils and to promote them to follow this preferable acquisition manner as their strategic analyzing techniques.Family featuresFamily background factors such as the educational degree of the parent, household income or fiscal, parent support and educational outlook seem to exercise some influence on pupil ‘s academic accomplishment and this has been supported by several yesteryear and recent surveies ( Hossler & A ; Stage, 1992 ; Eccles & A ; Harold, 1993 ; Beyer, 1995 ; Paulson, 1996 ; Hossler et al. , 1999 ; Checchi, 2000 ; Ermisch & A ; Francesconi, 2001 ; Agus & A ; Makhbul, 2006 ) . The relationships of parent degree of instruction, parent educational outlook for their kids, parental engagement and support and pupils ‘ accomplishment are proposed by the Chen ‘s Model of household influence s on pupil academic accomplishment ( Chen, 1995 ) .Table 2.1: A Proposed Model of Family Influences on Students ‘ Academic Performance Achievement( Adapted from Chen ( 1995 ) Family Factors Children ‘s Results Parent support Books at place Facilities such as computing machine Educational outlooks Attitudes toward medical instruction Assurance in survey Academic accomplishment. Parent outlooks and engagement Parental instruction Educational outlooks Attitudes toward medical instruction Engagement The literature reappraisal will look into the influence of these household factors on the pupils ‘ public presentation in deepness.Influence of parent ‘s instruction degree on pupil ‘s academic public presentationIn the earlier surveies, Hossler and Stage ( 1992 ) and Beyer ( 1995 ) indicated that there is a positive relationship between the parent ‘s educational degree and their kids success in their academic. In an extension to the earlier survey, Ermisch and Francesconi ( 2001 ) found an interesting determination in their survey where there is important gradient between each parent ‘s instruction degree and their kid ‘s educational accomplishment. From Ermisch and Rrancesconi study it can be concluded that female parent ‘s instruction has a stronger association with her kid ‘s educational accomplishment than the instruction of the male parent. This consequence is supported by Agus and Makhbul ( 2002 ) . In another survey by Syed Tahi r Hijazi and Raza Naqri ( 2006 ) they indicate that the degree of instruction of female parent has been found to exercise the strongest influence on academic accomplishment as compared to degree of instruction of male parent. Mothers ‘ educational degree is chosen because literatures suggest that female parent ‘s degree of instruction is a stronger forecaster of kids ‘s larning results ( PISA, 2000 ) . Studies has besides shown that pupils whose female parents have completed third instruction performed even better in their academic than hose whose female parents have completed secondary instruction degree. From the literature hunt on the impact of parent ‘s instruction degree on pupil ‘s public presentation female parent ‘s instruction degree is a strongest forecaster factor and it was assumed that educated female parents can assist their kids to better and maintain proper cheque on their activities. This survey is undertaken to look into the infl uence of the parent ‘s degree of instruction on the pupil ‘s public presentation within the Malayan context.Family income and pupil ‘s academic public presentationThe United States Department of Education ( 2000 ) found in a survey that the relationship between household income and pupil ‘s public presentation is non simple and direct. Johnson ( 1996 ) opined that low income of parent is a major hindrance to academic success and development on the portion of the pupils. This is because poorness or low income of parents has elastic effects on their kids academic plants as they lack adequate resources and financess to patronize their educational demands and this leads to hapless public presentation of their kids. An probe conducted by Agus and Makhbul ( 2002 ) indicated that pupils from households of higher income degrees perform better in their academic public presentation as compared to those who come from households of lower income brackets. Checchi ( 2000 ) besides concluded household income provides an inducement for better pupil public presentation ; richer parents internalise this affect by puting more resources in the instruction of their kids. Once the investing is undertaken, the pupil fulfill parents ‘ outlooks by perform better in their surveies. Based on the research done by him, he demonstrated that kids from richer households perform better than those from poorer households. On the other manus, Syed Tahir Hijazi and Raza Naqvi ( 2006 ) found that there is negative relationship between pupil public presentation and pupil household income. Research done by Beblo and Lauer ( 2004 ) besides found that parents ‘ income and their labor market position have a weak impact o n kids ‘s instruction. With these conflicting findings the inquiry to be answered is ‘Do household income is an issue to pupils ‘ accomplishment in academic? ‘ To research the correlativity between household income and pupils ‘ academic public presentation the intent of this survey is to prove the hypothesis that household fiscal position is associated with the academic public presentation of a medical pupil in the Malaysia.Parent engagement, educational outlook and supportOther household factors that may act upon pupils ‘ academic accomplishment are parental engagement, educational outlook and support ( Paulson, 1996 ) . Harmonizing to Eccles and Harold ( 1993 ) active engagement from the parents in their kids instruction plays a critical function in the pupil ‘s academic accomplishment and success. Eccles and Harold determination is supported by the surveies from Beyer ( 1995 ) and Paulson and Marchant ( 1998 ) . Involving parents in the instruction of their kids straight affects pupil accomplishment in school, college and university. It has been shown that affecting parents in the instruction of their kids helps to increase the pupil ‘s accomplishment and self-pride. Fehrmann et Al ( 1987 ) examines the effects of parental engagement on a larger sample of high school pupils and formulated that the more intensively parents are involved in their kids education the more good are the achievement effects. This finding holds true for all types of types and ages of pupils and is supported by the survey of Henderson ( 1987 ) . All research surveies, which address these countries, found that parent engagement has positive effects on pupil attitudes and behavior ( Sattes, 1985 ; Ferhrman et al. , 1978 ; Henderson, 1987 ) . The pupils ‘ perceptual experience of parent educational outlook and support for acquisition has a strong impact on their accomplishment ( Mau & A ; Bikos, 2000 ) . Harmonizing to Beyer ( 1995 ) parent ‘s educational aspirations for and outlooks of their kids ‘s academic public presentation positively correlates with the kids ‘s classs, educational aspirations, motive. Beyer farther indicated that these parental factors encourage self-esteem and actuate the pupils to execute good in their academic. In drumhead, most of the surveies reviewed indicate that pupils from households with high outlooks and support would hold higher academic accomplishments.Teachers ‘ outlook and supportThe outlooks instructors have for their pupils and the premises they make about their possible have a touchable consequence on pupil accomplishment. Since the late 1960 ‘s research workers have been concerned with the influence of instructor outlooks on pupil public present ation. Study by Bamburg ( 1994 ) clearly establishes that instructor outlooks do play a important function in finding how good and how much do pupils larn. Students tend to internalise the beliefs instructor have about their ability. This is supported by Raffini ( 1993 ) who clearly stated that when instructors believe in pupils, the pupils believe in themselves and this understanding between pupils and instructors is a important subscriber for the pupil success in their academic accomplishment. There is a inclination for instructors to acquire what they expect from their pupils. This happens because instructors have ( frequently unconscious ) inclinations to handle pupils otherwise based on how likely they think it is that pupils will be successful. Conversely, when pupils are viewed as lacking in ability or motive and are non expected to do important advancement, they tend to follow this perceptual experience of themselves ( Gonder, 1991 ) . Omatoni and Omatoni ( 1996 ) make a poi nt that holding high outlook does non as if by magic equalize pupils ‘ innate abilities and larning rates. Therefore, instructors were advised to routinely project attitudes, beliefs, outlook to the extent that they treat their pupils as if they already are eager scholar and these instructors ‘ features will promote the pupil to go more eager scholars. This survey will look into instructor anticipation effects on the academic accomplishment of medical pupils.Factors in the college environment that support pupils ‘ academic public presentationQuaglia and Perry ( 1996 ) and Wilson ( 1992 ) have investigated the significance of the school or college environment on the pupils ‘ academic public presentation. It has been documented that factors in the school or college environment may impede or back up pupil ‘s development and academic success ( Esposito, 1999 ; Goodenow, 1993 ; Mouton & A ; Hawkins, 1996 ) .Peer relationshipAssorted surveies had been done an d found that equals influence does hold impact on pupil public presentation ( Hanushek et. Al, 2002 ; Goethals, 2001 ; Gonzales et. al. , 1996 ) and besides been shown that equal influence has more powerful effects. Peer support was positively related to pupils ‘ scrutiny mark and class. Wilkinson and Fung ( 2002 ) in their survey concluded that by grouping pupils in heterogenous larning ability ( low ability pupils grouped with high ability pupils ) will demo an betterment in larning procedure and outcomes. This determination can be argued tap top pupils can positively impact less able pupils by supplying an aid and mentoring. In another survey, Schindler ( 2003 ) found that blending abilities will impact weak pupils positively nevertheless the consequence for good pupils is negative. Schindler determination is beliing with Goethals ( 2001 ) survey, who found that pupils in homogenous group ( irrespective of high ability or low ability ) perform better than pupils in heteroge nous group. Supporting the findings from Fung ( 2002 ) and Schindler ( 2003 ) , Giuliodori, Lujan and DiCarlo ( 2006 ) added that equal interaction could increase pupil ability on work outing problem-solving inquiries and the equal direction will besides advance pupil ‘s engagement and better pupil ‘s public presentation.Challenging educational environmentResearch shows that pupils are more motivated to larn when instructors ask them to wrestle with new constructs, explain their logical thinking, defend their decisions, or explore alternate schemes and solution ( National Research Council, 1999 ) . Furthermore, pupils enjoy larning more when their instructors employ active pedagogical schemes. Meece suggested that when schoolroom direction draws on pupils ‘ pre-existing cognition and real-life experiences the acquisition session will be become more interesting and basking which consequence in the pupil learn more better and achieved better classs in scrutiny and ac ademic ( Meece, 1991 ) . Cohen ( 1994 ) strengthen this determination that when pupils can set their caputs together instead than work in isolation they are receptive to disputing assignments which will straight hike their public presentation.Summary of Literature ReviewFactors impacting pupil ‘s academic public presentation is an of import issue in higher instruction particularly in the medical programme. There has been extended research on the influences of cardinal factors on pupils ‘ academic public presentation. It is interesting to observe that all of the research reviews back up the hypothesis that pupils ‘ public presentation in their academic depend on different socio-economic, psychological and environmental factors. A reappraisal of the literature indicated that pupils ‘ acquisition manner, household background, pupils ‘ feature, and school or college experience factors are related to pupils ‘ academic public presentation.( 4,220 words )

History Behind Moulin Rouge the Movie Essay

It was 1899 in Paris. France. it was the clip of the Bohemian Revolution. and it was the summer of love. Christian. played by Ewan McGregor. was a author and came to Paris to see this revolution and be surrounded by the creative persons. vocalists. and terpsichoreans of this new Bohemian universe. Small did he cognize that he would see something he had ne'er felt before but ever believed in: love. Moulin Rouge. directed by Baz Luhrmann. is an keen film musical based off of a existent life nightclub called Moulin Rouge in Montmartre. The film tells the narrative of the love trigon between Christian. Satine aka the â€Å"Sparkling Diamond† of the Moulin Rouge. played by Nicole Kidman. and The Duke. Although Christian and Satine are fictional characters. the narrative includes existent life characters such as Harold Zidler. the co-mastermind of the Moulin Rouge and Toulouse-Lautrec. a celebrated Gallic creative person. Moulin Rouge is a great expression into what life was like ba ck in Paris in 1900. but besides adds in the love narrative between Christian and Satine to do for a great film musical. In the beginning of the film. Christian’s optimistic love shines some light into Satine’s dark mercenary world. To do a life. Satine became a concubine at the Moulin Rouge. She gets paid for doing work forces believe what they want to believe. so she sells her organic structure to do money. She erroneously became attracted to Christian for his pure and optimistic belief in love. Sing that Christian did non hold a batch of money. she becomes hesitant of loving him because he would non be able to back up her and her dreams of being an actress. With Christian’s pure and optimistic belief of love. he captures Satine’s bosom by loving her for who she truly is. non for what she is. Although Satine dies in the terminal of the film. Christian learns that true love lasts everlastingly even through decease. Harold Zidler. who is non a fictional character. is the adult male who helped to run the existent Moulin Rouge nightclub. In the movie. and in existent life Pari s. Zidler was the adult male who was. â€Å"a ‘brother’ to the creative persons and the adult male in the shadows who watched over the terpsichoreans and the remainder of the forces with a benevolent oculus and ruled with an Fe fist† ( History ) . In the movie he is the 1 who is in charge of doing certain everything goes absolutely at the nightclub and makes certain all his terpsichoreans. particularly Satine. cognize what they are supposed to make and who they should affect that dark. Not merely did he run the Moulin Rouge he was besides a showman and performed with his terpsichoreans in the shows. Toulouse-lautrec was besides an of import individual when it comes to the nightclub in Paris. In the movie he does non hold a immense function other than aid Christian acquire inside the Moulin Rouge and happen a manner for him to run into Satine. In Paris in the 1900’s. though. he is said to hold been â€Å"the eyes of the Moulin Rouge. † Toulouse-Lautrec attended every eventide show when the nightclub opened ; and as mentioned before he was an creative person. so every dark he would sit in a corner and pull the terpsichoreans accompanied by a glass of common wormwood ( History ) . The fact about the common wormwood is besides in the film ; Toulouse-Lautrec. Christian. and a few others take a shooting of common wormwood before they head to the Moulin Rouge one dark and the following few proceedingss of the movie are merely filled with pure daftness and hallucinations. His graphics. though. was highly of import in the success of the Moulin Rouge. â€Å"In 1891. he drew the first advertisement posting for the Moulin Rouge. which today remains the best known image of the Moulin Rouge around the world† ( History ) . His work is still celebrated today and without him the Moulin Rouge in Paris would non be every bit good known as it is today. The terpsichoreans of the Moulin Rouge were Masterss of the â€Å"cancan. † One of the stars and besides known as â€Å"Queen of the Cancan† was Louise Weber. but her moniker was â€Å"La Goulue. † She is non specifically in the movie. but in a life about her. it states that. â€Å"one eventide when she was dancing a frantic cancan. between two cartwheels she spotted the Prince of Wales. who had come to pass an eventide on his ain at the Moulin Rouge. and called out. with the Parisian cheek for which she was good know. ‘Hey. Wales! The champagne’s on you? ’† ( History ) . La Goulue is relatable to Satine in the movie. because Satine was besides the star and best terpsichorean and she spotted Christian the first dark he was at that place and while she was dancing called him out in forepart of everyone who was in attending at the Moulin Rouge that flushing. Moulin Rouge is one of Baz Luhrmann’s best movies. The film came out in June 2001 and has won many awards and is one of the best films in the musical genre. The set design. costumes. casting of functions. and music all is so absolutely set together to make this superb movie. Luhrmann. who besides co-wrote the film with Craig Pearce. traveled to Paris with Pearce and the production interior decorator to carry on historical research and compose the outline for the film. â€Å"To find ways to picture 19th century Paris and the Moulin Rouge as it may hold felt to its audience so – at the cutting border of sex. music. dance. theatre and modern thought – the film makers immersed themselves in the vicinity. locales and civilization of their story† ( Luhrmann ) . Through their research and larning about the civilization. they came to understand that the Moulin Rouge was a nine that brought all different categories together and Pearce quotes that is the equivalent of â€Å"Studio 54 in New York in the late 70’s ; a topographic point where the rich and the powerful can blend with the immature. the beautiful and the penniless† ( Luhrmann ) . This is shown in the film because we see the powerful. such as The Duke. and so Christian who is merely a author. come to the same nine to see the same thing. adult females and amusement. The first half an hr of the film is nonstop music. dancing. visible radiations. and merely perfectly craziness. Audiences are non given a opportunity to â€Å"relax† and merely easy take the film in ; it is fast paced and keeps the film spectator on their toes merely waiting for what will come following. In a film review. shortly after it came out in 2001. the film referee describes Moulin Rouge as â€Å"grandiose. glorious. absinthe-soaked surplus. † When cinematography. Luhrmann wanted everything to be over the top and wanted more out of the production ; more vocals. more sound. more colour. more everything ( Kaplan C. D. ) . This is what it was like in the existent nightclub. the dance and vocals were all so intense and brainsick so the work forces would be to the full entertained and ne'er acquire bored. There was a batch traveling on in Paris in the late 1880’s and 1890’s. The Eiffel Tower was built. the first cinematographic showing was shown by the Lumiere brothers. and the most celebrated nightclub opened its doors. â€Å"The public came in mass to detect this excessive topographic point with its immense dance floor. mirrors everyplace. and galleries that were the last word in elegance. to blend with the rabble and misss of easy virtue† ( History ) . The Moulin Rouge was a topographic point for the rich and hapless work forces to come for dancing. music. and amusement from the ladies ; it is said to hold been an ambiance of â€Å"total euphory. † This was a clip where workers. blue bloods. creative persons. and the middle-class could all gather together to see nightclubs. music-halls. and other dark clip activities. As mentioned before. this film takes topographic point during the Bohemian Revolution. This revolution was non a revolution of contending. but a revolution of art and civilization. It was a clip for artisits. poets. author. vocalists. terpsichoreans. and anyone else who wanted to show themselves to demo off their endowments and be recognized. These were the â€Å"child ren of the revolution† ( Moulin Rouge ) . In the beginning scenes of Moulin Rouge. Christian is told that to truly be a kid of the revolution. he has to believe in beauty. freedom. truth. and most significantly love. Which of class he believes in love. it is what he lives for and as stated earlier. he is given the opportunity to see love for the first clip. Not merely is the film based off of the existent nightclub in Paris. but it is besides partially based on the Grecian myth of Orpheus and partially on the opera La Traviata by Giuseppe Verdi ( IMDb ) . The Grecian myth of Orpheus and Eurydice is slightly like the narrative between Christian and Satine. Orpheus is said to hold been the best instrumentalist that of all time lived and until he met Eurydice. he lived his merely and heedlessly. Orpheus and Eurydice fell in love and it meant everything to both of them but person else wanted Eurydice’s beauty and wanted her but she did non care for this other adult male. To do a long narrative short. she ends up deceasing and Orpheus attempts to acquire her dorsum from the underworld but could non salvage her ; all he had left was the love they one time had ( â€Å"Orpheus† ) . For Christian. he lost Satine and would ne'er acquire her back once more but what he got from her decease was a narrative of true love that he has to portion with the universe. Satine was already deceasing before she fell in love with Christian. but at least she was able to decease cognizing what it was like to be in love. The opera La Traviata is another love narrative that ends tragically. Violetta. who is a concubine. claims that love means nil to her until she meets a immature adult male named Alfredo which makes her so inquire if he could be the adult male that she could love. In the terminal of the narrative. though. Violetta is diagnosed with TB and does non hold long to populate and dies at Alfredo’s pess ( â€Å"La Traviata† ) . This opera. the myth of Orpheus. and Moulin Rouge. are all similar in the manner that the adult female ne'er truly believed in love until they met that one adult male that changed their positions on love. there are challenges to confront one the adult male and adult female autumn in love. and so it is the adult female who dies in terminal go forthing their lovers all entirely. Each narrative is a small different but the same basic thought. from the opera and Grecian myth. are evident in the movie. From 20th century Paris. the Bohemian Revolution. the myth of Orpheus. Harold Zidler. and other historical minutes. Moulin Rouge is a 1 of a sort musical movie that is an astonishing piece of work put together by Luhrmann. Knowing the history behind the movie makes it exciting to watch and understand what it was similar back in Paris in 1899. Plants Cited â€Å"The History of the Moulin Rouge and its Shows. † Moulin Rouge. Fr. Le Bal du Moulin Rouge. n. d. Web. 17 Nov. 2011.Kaplan. C. D. Rev. of Moulin Rouge. by Baz Luhrmann. Louisville Eccentric Observer. Louisville. Ky. : 30 May 2001. Vol. 11. Iss. 30 ; pg. 21â€Å"La Traviata. † The Metropolitan Opera. N. p. . n. d. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. Luhrmann. Baz. . and Craig Pearce. commentary. Moulin Rouge. Dir. Baz Luhrmann. Perf. Nicole Kidman and Ewan McGregor. Twentieth Century Fox. 2001. Film. Moulin Rouge. Dir. Baz Luhrmann. Perf. Nicole Kidman and Ewan McGregor. Twentieth Century Fox. 2001. Film. â€Å"Moulin Rouge. † IMDb. IMDb. com. Inc. . n. d. Web. 17 Nov. 2011. â€Å"Orpheus and Eurydice. † Paleothea Myths. N. p. . 10 Jan. 2008. Web. 18 Nov. 2011.